The conduct overlaps with group boycotts and is analyzed under per se or rule of reason standards depending on market power and the presence of efficiency justifications.
Unilateral refusals are analyzed under Section 2.
Alternative Names:
Collective Refusal|Joint Refusal to Deal
Why it Matters?
Concerted action is the element separating this claim from a unilateral refusal, which is analyzed under Section 2 and presumptively lawful under Trinko, and establishing that each participant decided independently defeats the Section 1 theory entirely. Trade association standard-setting and credentialing decisions are the recurring context, where procedural fairness and objective criteria support rule of reason treatment.
Frequently Confused with
Related terms
Frequently asked questions
What separates this from a unilateral refusal?
What supports rule of reason treatment?
