Epidemiology examines whether exposed populations experience disease at higher rates than unexposed ones. Study designs include cohort studies following exposed groups forward and case-control studies comparing diseased and non-diseased individuals retrospectively.
Results are expressed as relative risk or odds ratios with confidence intervals indicating statistical precision.
Alternative Names:
Epidemiological Evidence, Population Studies
Why it Matters?
Epidemiological evidence is where general causation is won or lost, and the defense critique operates on well-established grounds: confounding variables not controlled for, selection and recall bias, statistical significance, and whether the studied exposure resembles the plaintiff's. Courts have also grappled with whether a relative risk above two is necessary to support specific causation, an argument that recurs in pharmaceutical litigation.
Frequently Confused with
Related terms
Frequently asked questions
What is relative risk?
Is epidemiology required to prove causation?
